Shepherdia canadensis

Shepherdia canadensis
	Leaves and berries
Conservation status
	; Secure (NatureServe)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Rosids
Order:	Rosales
Family:	Elaeagnaceae
Genus:	Shepherdia
Species:	S. canadensis
Binomial name
	Shepherdia canadensis; (L.) Nutt.
Synonyms
	Elaeagnus canadensis (L.) A.Nelson (1935) ; Hippophae canadensis L. (1753) ; Lepargyrea canadensis (L.) Greene (1892) ;

Shepherdia canadensis, commonly called Canada buffaloberry, russet buffaloberry,^[3] soopolallie, soapberry, or foamberry (Ktunaxa: kupaʔtiǂ,)^[4] is one of a small number of shrubs of the genus Shepherdia that bears edible berries.

Description

The plant is a deciduous shrub, growing to a maximum of 1–4 metres (3+1⁄2–13 feet).^[5] The leaves are 6.5 centimetres (2+1⁄2 in) long, green above, and whitish and brownish below. The fruit is usually red,^[5] but one variety has yellow berries.^{[citation needed]} The berries have a bitter taste.^[5]

It is a non-legume nitrogen fixer.^[6]

Drawing by Nathaniel Lord Britton (1913)
Leaves
Staminate flowers
Pistillate flowers
Berries
Close-up of berries

Etymology

The common name of the plant in British Columbia is "soopolallie", a word derived from the historic Chinook Jargon trading language spoken in the North American Pacific Northwest in the 19th and early 20th centuries. The name is a composite of the Chinook words "soop" (soap) and "olallie" (berry).^[7]^{[ISBN missing]}

Distribution and habitat

The species is widespread in all of Canada, except in Prince Edward Island, and in the western and northern United States, including Alaska^[8] and Idaho.^[9]

It grows in openings and forest understories.^[5]

Uses

The fruit is edible^[5] but the saponin chemicals it contains may cause gastrointestinal irritation if large quantities are consumed.^{[citation needed]} Unrelated plants in the genus Sapindus, also commonly denominated "soapberry", produce toxic saponins.^[10]

Some Canadian First Nations peoples such as Nlaka'pamux (Thompson), St'at'imc (Lillooet), and Secwepemc (Shuswap) in the Province of British Columbia extensively collect the berries. The bitter berries (which may be sweetened by frosts)^[11] are processed with other berries as Indian ice cream.^{[citation needed]} The saponins create a foam when the berry is whipped into a dessert dish.^[11] First Nations peoples believe that the berry has many health properties. Native-themed restaurants in British Columbia have occasionally offered the berries on their menus.^[7]^{[ISBN missing]}

References

^ NatureServe (2024). "Shepherdia canadensis". Arlington, Virginia. Retrieved 7 March 2024.
^ "Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 7 March 2024.
^ NRCS. "Shepherdia canadensis". PLANTS Database. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 11 November 2015.
^ "FirstVoices: Nature / Environment - place names: words. Ktunaxa". Retrieved 2012-07-07.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Turner, Mark; Kuhlmann, Ellen (2014). Trees & Shrubs of the Pacific Northwest (1st ed.). Portland, OR: Timber Press. p. 317. ISBN 978-1-60469-263-1.
^ "SPECIES: Shepherdia canadensis". Fire Effects Information System (FEIS). U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Missoula Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Retrieved 10 June 2022.
^ ^a ^b Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson, M. Terry Thompson, and Annie Z. York. 1990. Thompson Ethnobotany. Royal British Columbia Museum: Victoria. pp. 209-11.^{[ISBN missing]}
^ Biota of North America Program 2014 state-level distribution map
^ Benito Baeza (March 20, 2017). "Idaho Fish and Game Ask Idahoans Not to Plant Japanese Yew". KLIX. Retrieved June 4, 2017.
^ Xu, Y; Gao, Y; Chen, Z; et al. (2021-06-02). "Metabolomics analysis of the soapberry (Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn.) pericarp during fruit development and ripening based on UHPLC-HRMS". Scientific Reports. 11: 11657. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-91143-0. PMC 8172880. PMID 34079016.
^ ^a ^b Angier, Bradford (1974). Field Guide to Edible Wild Plants. Harrisburg, PA: Stackpole Books. p. 42. ISBN 0-8117-0616-8. OCLC 799792.

External links

[NatureServe-1] NatureServe (2024). "Shepherdia canadensis". Arlington, Virginia. Retrieved 7 March 2024.

[POWO-2] "Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 7 March 2024.

[3] NRCS. "Shepherdia canadensis". PLANTS Database. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 11 November 2015.

[4] "FirstVoices: Nature / Environment - place names: words. Ktunaxa". Retrieved 2012-07-07.

[tktimb-5] Turner, Mark; Kuhlmann, Ellen (2014). Trees & Shrubs of the Pacific Northwest (1st ed.). Portland, OR: Timber Press. p. 317. ISBN 978-1-60469-263-1.

[FEIS-6] "SPECIES: Shepherdia canadensis". Fire Effects Information System (FEIS). U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Missoula Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Retrieved 10 June 2022.

[nancy-7] Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson, M. Terry Thompson, and Annie Z. York. 1990. Thompson Ethnobotany. Royal British Columbia Museum: Victoria. pp. 209-11.^{[ISBN missing]}

[8] Biota of North America Program 2014 state-level distribution map

[9] Benito Baeza (March 20, 2017). "Idaho Fish and Game Ask Idahoans Not to Plant Japanese Yew". KLIX. Retrieved June 4, 2017.

[Xu-10] Xu, Y; Gao, Y; Chen, Z; et al. (2021-06-02). "Metabolomics analysis of the soapberry (Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn.) pericarp during fruit development and ripening based on UHPLC-HRMS". Scientific Reports. 11: 11657. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-91143-0. PMC 8172880. PMID 34079016.

[:0-11] Angier, Bradford (1974). Field Guide to Edible Wild Plants. Harrisburg, PA: Stackpole Books. p. 42. ISBN 0-8117-0616-8. OCLC 799792.

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